This is part 2 of a three part series. If you haven't seen it already, I'd recommend starting with the first part, which covers communication protocols and streaming of data. This second part will cover network communication and some basic concurrency in Haskell.

Simple HTTP client

We saw previously how to send and receive binary data using the conduit library. We're going to build on this with a conduit-aware network library. This first example will make a very simplistic, hard-coded HTTP request and send the entire response from the server to standard output.

#!/usr/bin/env stack
-- stack --resolver nightly-2016-09-10 --install-ghc runghc --package classy-prelude-conduit

{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
import ClassyPrelude.Conduit
import Data.Conduit.Network (runTCPClient, appSource, appSink, clientSettings)

main :: IO ()
main = runTCPClient settings $ \appData -> do
    yield request $$ appSink appData
    appSource appData $$ stdoutC
  where
    settings = clientSettings 80 "httpbin.org"

request :: ByteString
request = encodeUtf8 $ unlines
    [ "GET /get?foo=bar&baz=bin HTTP/1.1"
    , "Host: httpbin.org"
    , "User-Agent: Practical Haskell"
    , "Connection: close"
    , ""
    ]

The runTCPClient creates the actual TCP connection, and provides access to it via the appData value. This value allows us to send data to the server (via appSink) and get data from the server (via appSource). We can also get information about the connection such as the locally used port number, which we're not using in this example.

We've hard-coded a settings value that states we should connect to host httpbin.org* on port 80. We've also hard-coded an HTTP request body, which is thoroughly uninteresting.

Once our connection has been established, we send our hard-coded request to the server with yield request $$ appSink appData. When that's complete, we stream all data from the server to standard output with appSource appData $$ stdoutC.

The output from this looks very much like you'd expect it to:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx
Date: Wed, 21 Sep 2016 07:38:30 GMT
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 224
Connection: close
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true

{
  "args": {
    "baz": "bin",
    "foo": "bar"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "Practical Haskell"
  },
  "origin": "31.210.186.0",
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?foo=bar&baz=bin"
}

* Side note: anyone playing with HTTP client software should definitely check out httpbin.org, it's a great resource.

Upgrading to TLS

On a small tangent, it's trivial to adapt the above program to work over secure HTTPS instead of plaintext HTTP. All we need to do is:

The code looks as follows. To convince yourself that this is real: go ahead and run it and see what the url value in the response body looks like.

#!/usr/bin/env stack
{- stack --resolver nightly-2016-09-10 --install-ghc runghc
     --package classy-prelude-conduit
     --package network-conduit-tls
-}

{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
import ClassyPrelude.Conduit
import Data.Conduit.Network (appSink, appSource)
import Data.Conduit.Network.TLS (runTLSClient, tlsClientConfig)

main :: IO ()
main = runTLSClient settings $ \appData -> do
    yield request $$ appSink appData
    appSource appData $$ stdoutC
  where
    settings = tlsClientConfig 443 "httpbin.org"

request :: ByteString
request = encodeUtf8 $ unlines
    [ "GET /get?foo=bar&baz=bin HTTP/1.1"
    , "Host: httpbin.org"
    , "User-Agent: Practical Haskell"
    , "Connection: close"
    , ""
    ]

Echo server

Let's play with the server side of things. We're going to implement an echo server, which will receive a chunk of data from the client and then send it right back.

#!/usr/bin/env stack
-- stack --resolver nightly-2016-09-10 --install-ghc runghc --package classy-prelude-conduit

{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
import ClassyPrelude.Conduit
import Data.Conduit.Network (appSink, appSource, runTCPServer, serverSettings)

main :: IO ()
main =
    runTCPServer settings $ \appData -> appSource appData $$ appSink appData
  where
    settings = serverSettings 4200 "*"

This listens on port 4200, on all network interfaces ("*"). We start our server with runTCPServer, which grabs a listening socket and waits for connections. For each connection, it forks a new thread, and runs the provided application. In this case, our application is trivial: we connect the source to the sink, automatically piping data from the connection back to itself.

To stress a point above: this is a fully multithreaded server application. You can make multiple telnet connections to the server and interact with each of them independently. This is a lot of bang for very little buck.

For those of you concerned about the inefficiency of forking a new thread for each incoming connection: Haskell's runtime is built on top of green threads, making the act of forking very cheap. There are more details available in a talk I gave on "Haskell for fast, concurrent, robust services" (video link).

Full duplex

The examples so far have all been half duplex, meaning they have always been either sending or receiving data. Let's implement a full duplex application: a simple telnet client replacement. We need to wait for any input from standard input, while at the same time waiting for any input from the socket. We're going to take advantage of Haskell threading to handle this case too:

#!/usr/bin/env stack
-- stack --resolver nightly-2016-09-10 --install-ghc runghc --package classy-prelude-conduit

{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
import ClassyPrelude.Conduit
import Data.Conduit.Network (appSink, appSource, runTCPClient, clientSettings)

main :: IO ()
main = runTCPClient settings $ \appData -> race_
    (stdinC $$ appSink appData)
    (appSource appData $$ stdoutC)
  where
    settings = clientSettings 4200 "localhost"

The race_ function is a wonderful helper for concurrency, which says "run these two actions, see which one finishes first, kill the other one, and ignore any results (the _ at the end of the name)." It has a sibling function, concurrently, for running two things until they both complete. You can implement a surprisingly large number of common concurrency solutions using just these two functions. For more information, see the library package tutorial on haskell-lang.org.

You may be terrified of the performance characteristics of this: we've introduced two blocking threads, when theoretically callback-based I/O would be far more efficient! Not to worry: in Haskell, the runtime system uses a fully callback based system under the surface, using whatever system calls are relevant for your operating system. When a Haskell green thread makes a "blocking" I/O call, what actually happens is the runtime puts the thread to sleep, installs a callback handler to wait for data to be available, and when the callback is triggered, wakes the green thread up again.

The details of the Haskell runtime are well described in the paper Mio: A High-Performance Multicore IO Manager for GHC. Fortunately, for most real world cases, you can write the naive, easy-to-conceptualize I/O operations based on blocking semantics, and automatically get the great performance you'd want from event/callback based system calls.

Client and server in same process

Just to prove that we can: let's throw our client and server into a single process, using the same concurrency approach we've had until now.

#!/usr/bin/env stack
-- stack --resolver nightly-2016-09-10 --install-ghc runghc --package classy-prelude-conduit

{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
import ClassyPrelude.Conduit
import Data.Conduit.Network (appSink, appSource, runTCPClient, clientSettings, runTCPServer, serverSettings)

main :: IO ()
main = race_ server client

server :: IO ()
server =
    runTCPServer settings $ \appData -> appSource appData $$ appSink appData
  where
    settings = serverSettings 4200 "*"

client :: IO ()
client = do
    -- Sleep for 1 second (1 million microsecond) to give the server a
    -- chance to start up. There are definitely better ways to do
    -- this, but this is good enough for our example.
    threadDelay 1000000

    runTCPClient settings $ \appData -> race_
        (stdinC $$ appSink appData)
        (appSource appData $$ stdoutC)
  where
    settings = clientSettings 4200 "localhost"

This isn't a particularly useful application (stdinC $$ stdoutC would do the same thing without wasting a network connection), but it does show how easy it is to combine various pieces of code in Haskell for concurrent applications.

Next time on Practical Haskell

We've so far figured out how to deal with our simple file mirror's communication protocol, and how to do network communication. All that's left is combining these two things together and wrapping it up with a command line interface. Stay tuned!

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